UK Website Guides

112+ practical guides on UK GDPR, PECR, accessibility under the Equality Act 2010, ICO enforcement and UK e-commerce law — written for small businesses on this side of the Channel.

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GDPR & Privacy

AI-Built Website Liability Under UK Law

Updated

ICO enforces UK GDPR, PECR and Equality Act against the site owner, not Cursor, Lovable or the developer. EU PLD doesn't apply post-Brexit.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Complete GDPR Website Audit: Step-by-Step Checklist

Updated

A step-by-step GDPR audit checklist for your website. Check cookies, tracking, privacy policy, forms, third-party services and security in one pass.

10 min read · Updated Apr 2026

Contact Form GDPR Requirements: Article 13 Compliance

Updated

What a GDPR-compliant contact form needs: Article 13 information, the right legal basis (legitimate interest vs precontractual), unchecked boxes, retention.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Cookie banner dark patterns: ICO PECR enforcement 2026

Updated

The 12 cookie banner dark patterns per EDPB taxonomy. ICO top-100 letter campaign, PECR enforcement and what the scanner detects after clicking reject all.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Cookie Banner Requirements Under EU Law (2026 Guide)

Updated

Cookie banner requirements in the EU 2026: reject equal to accept, no dark patterns, prior consent. EDPB Guidelines 05/2020 explained.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Cookie consent in the UK: ICO rules your website must follow

Updated

Cookie consent rules for UK websites. PECR Regulation 6 requirements, ICO guidance, what 'strictly necessary' means and how to test your banner.

12 min read · Updated May 2026

Data Breach Reporting Under GDPR: 72-Hour Notification

Updated

Report a personal data breach under GDPR Article 33: the 72-hour clock, when notification is required, what to file and when to tell affected individuals.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

Data Processing Agreement (DPA): Article 28 GDPR Guide

Updated

When a third-party service needs a Data Processing Agreement under GDPR Article 28: required clauses, common processors and how to handle DPA refusal.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

Do I Need a Cookie Banner on My UK Website?

Updated

Do UK websites need a cookie banner? Yes if you run Google Analytics, Facebook Pixel or any tracking. What PECR Regulation 6 and the ICO actually require.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

Do I Need a Cookie Banner? EU Decision Guide

Updated

Simple decision guide for EU businesses: when does your website actually need a cookie banner? Three questions to find out, with the legal basis explained.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR Compliance Checklist for Your Website (2026)

Updated

A practical GDPR checklist for small business websites. Check cookies, privacy policy, consent forms, and tracking scripts.

12 min read · Updated Apr 2026

GDPR compliance for UK businesses: website checklist 2026

Updated

GDPR compliance for UK businesses in 2026: nine website obligations under UK GDPR and PECR. Privacy notice, cookie consent, ICO fee, Companies House details.

11 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR Data Retention Periods: Article 5(1)(e) Guide

Updated

How long can you keep personal data under GDPR? The Article 5(1)(e) storage limitation principle and retention periods by data category for EU businesses.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for UK Hotel Websites: Booking Data, Loyalty and CCTV

Updated

UK GDPR for hotels in 2026. Hotel booking data, passport scans, dietary needs, loyalty programmes, CCTV and what the ICO checks on hospitality sites.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for UK Restaurant Websites: Data, Bookings, and Consent

Updated

UK GDPR and PECR for restaurant websites: bookings, email signups, cookies, payment data. ICO guidance with examples.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR Records of Processing: Article 30 Template

Updated

Build the Article 30 GDPR record of processing activities. Who is exempt, what to include, controller vs processor versions and a ready-to-fill template.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

Google Analytics and GDPR: Is GA4 Legal in the EU? (2026)

Updated

Can you use Google Analytics 4 in the EU? The consent requirement, the EU-US DPF transfer mechanism, Consent Mode v2 limits and cookieless alternatives.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

How to Write a UK Privacy Policy: Generator and Guide

Updated

How to write a UK GDPR privacy policy. Article 13 disclosures, Companies House details, UK representative rules, the ICO, PECR cookies and DUAA 2025.

12 min read · Updated May 2026

ICO investigation process: what UK firms can expect

Updated

ICO investigation: information notices, 30-day deadlines, formal investigations, fine decisions and appeal routes.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Is a website trustworthy? 10 signals to check in 2026

Updated

Practical checks to verify a website is legitimate in 2026. HTTPS, privacy policy, Companies House registration, contact details and certificate validation.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

UK GDPR Article 32: Website Security the ICO Expects

Updated

UK GDPR Article 32 explained. What ICO security expectations look like, NCSC technical guidance, encryption, access controls and the patch-timing rules.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

UK GDPR fines under the ICO: what penalties look like

Updated

ICO fine bands under UK GDPR: up to £17.5M or 4% of global turnover. Marriott, BA and TikTok cases explained. What SMBs realistically face.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

UK GDPR for Charities: Fundraising, Volunteers, Donor Data

Updated

UK GDPR for charities in 2026. Fundraising consent, donor data, Gift Aid records, volunteer information and what the Fundraising Regulator now expects.

11 min read · Updated May 2026

UK GDPR vs EU GDPR after Brexit for UK businesses

Updated

UK GDPR vs EU GDPR for British SMEs in 2026. The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025, PECR cookies, ICO enforcement and when you still need an EU representative.

16 min read · Updated May 2026

UK GDPR vs EU GDPR: Brexit and DUAA 2025 changes

Updated

UK GDPR vs EU GDPR differences in 2026: when each applies, what the DUAA 2025 changed, adequacy status and dual compliance for UK firms selling to the EU.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

UK website privacy notice requirements after DUAA (2026)

Updated

The 14 mandatory elements of a UK GDPR privacy notice. DUAA 2025 changes, new complaint mechanism, recognised legitimate interests and ICO checklist for SMEs.

6 min read · Updated Apr 2026

What the ICO Actually Checks on Your Website in 2026

Updated

Concrete list of what the ICO checks when a complaint about your UK website lands on its desk. Cookie banner, privacy notice, SAR, breach notification.

11 min read · Updated May 2026

YouTube Embed and GDPR: Cookie-Free Approaches

Updated

Standard YouTube embeds place tracking cookies before consent. Two compliant patterns under GDPR: youtube-nocookie.com and click-to-load facade, with code.

7 min read · Updated May 2026

Cookie-Script Alone Isn't Enough: What a Full Scan Reveals

Updated

Cookie-Script handles PECR consent well, but a full website audit catches everything it misses: data leaks, image copyright, accessibility and SSL issues.

7 min read · Updated May 2026

Double Opt-in in the UK: Required, Recommended or Optional?

Updated

Is double opt-in required in the UK? What PECR Reg 22 and the ICO say, how UK practice differs from German Bestätigungsverfahren and when to use it.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR Fines for Small Businesses: Real Cases and Amounts

Updated

Real GDPR fines for small businesses run from about 1,000 to 50,000 EUR. See published regulator decisions, what triggers enforcement and how to avoid it.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for accountants in the UK: ICAEW, ACCA & AML

Updated

GDPR for UK accountants. ICAEW/ACCA/AAT standards, MLR 2017 anti-money laundering, client confidentiality, ICO breach notification, and website rules.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for dental practices in the UK

Updated

UK GDPR for dental practices in 2026. Patient data as special category, GDC registration, NHS record retention, online booking and breach notification.

5 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for estate agents in the UK: Propertymark & AML

Updated

GDPR for UK estate agents. Propertymark, MLR 2017 anti-money laundering, viewings, photography, tenancy data, ICO breach notification, and website rules.

7 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for hair & beauty salons in the UK: NHBF guide

Updated

GDPR for UK hair and beauty salons. Treatwell, Phorest, Fresha booking platforms, patch-test records, ICO breach rules, and website compliance.

12 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for physiotherapists in the UK: CSP & HCPC

Updated

GDPR for UK physiotherapy practices. CSP, HCPC, ICO data fee, patient-record retention, online booking, and ICO breach notification under UK GDPR.

14 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for UK solicitors: SRA, Law Society, ICO rules

Updated

UK GDPR for solicitors. SRA Standards, Law Society guidance, LPP overlap, MLR 2017 retention and website compliance.

5 min read · Updated May 2026

GDPR for veterinary practices in the UK: RCVS & ICO

Updated

GDPR for UK veterinary practices. RCVS Code, pet-owner data, clinical-record retention, online booking, payment, and breach notification under UK GDPR.

14 min read · Updated May 2026

Newsletter Signup Forms: UK GDPR and PECR Requirements

Updated

What a UK newsletter signup form must do under PECR Reg 22 and UK GDPR Art 7. Consent wording, opt-in vs opt-out, source records and ICO evidence rules.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Pre-Ticked Checkboxes: Why They Fail UK Consent Rules

Updated

Why pre-ticked checkboxes fail UK consent rules. PECR Reg 6, UK GDPR Art 7, the Planet49 ruling and what the ICO checks on cookie banners and signup forms.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

Third-party tracking on UK websites: find and consent

Updated

Find trackers (Google Analytics, Facebook Pixel, YouTube, Maps). UK PECR Reg 6 and UK GDPR Article 6 consent rules.

11 min read · Updated May 2026

Product Liability Directive 2024/2853: 9 Dec 2026

Updated

Directive (EU) 2024/2853 makes software and AI 'products' for strict liability on 9 Dec 2026. What it means for SMBs, and what it does not change.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

The EU AI Act for Website Owners (2026)

Updated

Article 50 applies 2 Aug 2026. For most SMB sites it creates almost no new obligations. Here's the honest checklist before the deadline.

11 min read · Updated May 2026

Accessibility

Does the European Accessibility Act Apply to Your Business?

Updated

The EAA became enforceable in June 2025. Find out if it applies to your business, what it requires and what happens if you don't comply.

9 min read · Updated Apr 2026

EAA Penalties: What Happens If Your Website Isn't Accessible

Updated

The European Accessibility Act is enforceable. Here are the penalties for non-compliance and what enforcement looks like in practice.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

EHRC Investigations of Websites: When and How They Trigger

Updated

How the EHRC investigates UK website accessibility under the Equality Act 2006. Section 21 unlawful-act notices, what triggers them and how to respond.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

Equality Act 2010 damages: Vento bands for websites

Updated

Equality Act 2010 damages for UK website accessibility claims. Vento bands for injury to feelings plus actual losses. Civil damages, not regulatory fines.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

Equality Act 2010: Website Accessibility for UK Businesses

Updated

Equality Act website accessibility UK: section 20 reasonable adjustments, section 29 services duty, WCAG 2.2 AA as evidence of reasonableness.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

Free UK Accessibility Statement Template 2026 (WCAG 2.2 AA)

Updated

Free UK accessibility statement template (WCAG 2.2 AA), copy-paste ready. Covers Equality Act 2010 reasonable adjustments and EHRC enforcement.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

WCAG 2.2 AA in UK law: how it fits Equality Act 2010

Updated

WCAG 2.2 AA is not UK statute for private firms but is the benchmark UK courts and the EHRC apply under the Equality Act.

15 min read · Updated May 2026

Website accessibility and the Equality Act 2010

Updated

The EAA does not apply in the UK. Equality Act 2010 anticipatory duty, WCAG 2.1 AA as the de facto benchmark, EHRC enforcement and the public-sector PSBAR.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

5 quick accessibility wins for UK small business sites

Updated

Five concrete fixes that take hours, not weeks, to implement and align your site with WCAG 2.1 and the Equality Act 2010.

7 min read · Updated May 2026

Accessibility Statement: What It Is and How to Write One

Updated

An accessibility statement shows your commitment to an accessible website. Here's what to include and a template you can use.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

Website Accessibility Overlays vs. Real Compliance

Updated

Accessibility overlays promise a one-click fix but don't deliver. Learn why they fail and what actually works.

8 min read · Updated Apr 2026

Hotel Website Accessibility: EAA Booking Rules

Updated

Hotel booking systems need to work for everyone. Here's how to make your hotel website accessible and meet EAA requirements.

8 min read · Updated Apr 2026

PSBAR 2018: Accessibility Rules for Public Sector Suppliers

Updated

PSBAR 2018 makes UK public sector bodies meet WCAG 2.2 AA and publish accessibility statements. What suppliers and procurement teams need to know in 2026.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Security

My Website Says 'Not Secure'. Here's How to Fix It

Updated

Your browser shows 'Not Secure' for your website? Here's what it means and how to fix it step by step.

6 min read · Updated Apr 2026

Website Hacked? UK Incident Response in the First 72 Hours

Updated

Website hacked? UK incident response in the first 72 hours. ICO Article 33 notification, Article 34 user alerts, Action Fraud reporting and NCSC steps.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Website Security Checklist: 10 Things to Check Today

Updated

A practical security checklist for small business websites. 10 things you can check and fix today without technical expertise.

8 min read · Updated Apr 2026

GDPR Requires a Secure Website: What You Need to Know

Updated

GDPR Article 32 requires you to protect personal data with appropriate security. Here's what that means for your website.

8 min read · Updated Apr 2026

How to verify WordPress plugin security: NVD and CVE

Updated

Learn how UK site owners can check if WordPress plugins are genuinely vulnerable. NVD, Wordfence, Patchstack and ICO Article 32 guidance explained.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Vulnerable WordPress Plugins: How to Check and Fix Them

Updated

Vulnerable WordPress plugins are the top attack vector for small business sites and a GDPR Article 32 risk. How to check, patch and audit your plugins.

7 min read · Updated Apr 2026

Website Hacked? Here's What to Do Right Now

Updated

Your website has been hacked or shows signs of malware. Here are the steps to take right now to contain the damage and get back online.

10 min read · Updated Apr 2026

What Does a Website Security Scan Check?

Updated

What a website security scan actually checks: SSL, headers, vulnerable libraries, outdated CMS and more. Learn what the results mean and how to fix issues.

11 min read · Updated Apr 2026

When your domain expires: UK and generic TLD timelines

Updated

Domain expiry follows different rules for UK and generic TLDs. Exact timelines, suspension periods, redemption costs, prevention.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

SSL Certificate: What It Is, Why You Need It

Updated

An SSL certificate encrypts data between your website and visitors. Here's what it does, why you need one and how to get one for free.

7 min read · Updated May 2026

E-Commerce

CDPA 1988: how UK image infringement claims work

Updated

How CDPA 1988 applies to UK website image claims. Sections 16 and 17, damages under s.96-97, the notional licence fee and the IPEC vs High Court routes.

11 min read · Updated May 2026

Companies House website disclosures under UK law

Updated

What a UK limited company site must show under Companies Act 2006 s.82, the 2015 Trading Disclosures Regs and E-Commerce Regs 2002.

12 min read · Updated May 2026

Consumer Rights Act 2015: What UK Websites Must Disclose

Updated

Mandatory disclosures for UK e-commerce under the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and Consumer Contracts Regulations 2013, and what Trading Standards enforce.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

DMCCA 2024: 10% Turnover Fines for Dark Patterns on UK Sites

Updated

DMCCA 2024 gives the CMA power to fine UK sites up to 10% of global turnover for drip pricing, fake reviews and subscription traps. What's prohibited and when.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

DMCCA fines 2025: 10% of global turnover for UK firms

Updated

DMCCA fines 2025: 10% global turnover for UK firms, £300,000 for individuals, plus daily continuing-breach penalties.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

PicRights UK Letter: How Much to Actually Pay (Step-by-Step)

Updated

Got a PicRights UK letter? Realistic settlements are £150-£800, not the demand amount. How to verify the claim under CDPA 1988 and respond.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

UK online cancellation: DMCCA 2024 and CCRs 2013

Updated

UK online cancellation 2026: CCRs 2013 14-day cooling-off, DMCCA 2024 subscriptions and CMA powers up to 10% turnover.

5 min read · Updated Apr 2026

"Buy Now" vs "Order": Why Your Button Text Matters Legally

Updated

EU law requires specific wording on order buttons. The wrong text could make your orders non-binding. Here's what your checkout button must say.

7 min read · Updated Apr 2026

EU Checkout Rules: Button Text, Pricing, Consent

Updated

EU checkout rules under Directive 2011/83/EU: order button text, price display, withdrawal rights and consent before the customer clicks Buy.

10 min read · Updated Apr 2026

EU Consumer Rights for Online Sellers: Plain-Language Guide

Updated

EU consumer rights for online sellers: the 14-day withdrawal right, Omnibus pricing rules and pre-contractual disclosures in plain language.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

UK Order-Button Labels: 'Order and Pay' Rules in 2026

Updated

What UK law says about the order-confirmation button. Consumer Contracts Regs 2013 Reg 14, CRA 2015, DMCCA 2024 and what 'order with obligation to pay' means.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

EU 14-Day Right of Withdrawal: Rules, Exceptions & Refunds

Updated

EU 14-day right of withdrawal explained: when it starts, 8 exemptions, 14-day refund deadline, 12-month penalty for not informing buyers.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

EU Omnibus Price Display: The 30-Day Prior Price Rule

Updated

The EU Omnibus Directive's price-display rule requires showing the lowest price from the past 30 days when you advertise any discount. Here is what counts.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Email Marketing

Is Double Opt-in Required? It Depends on the Country

Updated

Is double opt-in required? Yes in Germany, recommended in Austria, optional elsewhere. What ePrivacy and GDPR say per country.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Newsletter Signup Forms: GDPR Requirements

Updated

Your newsletter signup form needs more than a checkbox. Here are the GDPR rules for email consent, what to store and how to avoid common mistakes.

9 min read · Updated May 2026

Pre-checked Signup Boxes Are Illegal: Here's Why

Updated

Prechecked checkbox illegal under GDPR: the CJEU Planet49 ruling (C-673/17) confirms pre-ticked boxes do not produce valid consent. What to fix on your forms.

10 min read · Updated May 2026

SPF, DKIM and DMARC: Email Security in Plain Language

Updated

SPF, DKIM and DMARC explained simply. Learn what they do, why you need them and how to set them up for your domain.

7 min read · Updated May 2026

Why Your Business Emails End Up in Spam (And How to Fix It)

Updated

Business emails landing in spam? You're probably missing SPF, DKIM or DMARC records. Here's what they are and how to set them up.

8 min read · Updated Apr 2026

Email Marketing Consent: Country-by-Country Rules

Updated

Email marketing rules differ across Europe. Here are the consent requirements for the Netherlands, Germany, UK, Belgium and more.

11 min read · Updated Apr 2026

EU Soft Opt-in: Email Customers Without Consent

Updated

The soft opt-in lets you email existing customers without explicit consent. But strict conditions apply. Here's how it works.

8 min read · Updated May 2026

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